I will be talking about how the different poets and Shakespeare use literary techniques to respond to forces which are beyond human control. I will also be looking at the themes that are used in these texts to show how each writer has different views on forces beyond our control; death, love and fate. This will also show how these ideas are thought to exist in different periods in history and how people’s views on supernatural forces changed throughout the centuries. and the similarities in the ideas, language devices and themes displayed through the texts.
Metaphors are one of the most widely used literary devices that are used throughout the text of Hamlet and the poems. ‘There lives within the very flame of love’ is using the metaphor of the flame representing love, an element which generates great heat and light. They are needed for human life but can be put out as easily as lighted: ‘A kind of wick or snuff that will abate it’. This also uses a metaphor, describing a wick or snuff as something which is the contradictory element to love, which puts the flame out. This creates great imagery, as a wick or snuff being purposely designed within the flame shows the self destruction nature of love and that fate had chosen for the love not to last. Looking at the context of the quote, another interpretation could be that love is something that diminishes over time ‘Time qualifies the spark and fire of it’. This is saying that the wick will put out the fire over time as love is the flame and the wick is the representation of time. Shakespeare also talks about how love is just a result of circumstance, the only reason that a person loves their family and parents is because they were born into that family ‘that I know love is begun by time’, or fate is the only reason why we have love for a person.
On My First Sonne is about a father who has lost his son ‘Exacted by thy fate, on the just day.’ This is talking about how it was fate the day that his son was born, linking into the ideology of the king in Hamlet, that the only reason why he loves this boy is the circumstance that he was his child. ‘To have so soone scap’d worlds, and fleshes rage’ uses the metaphor of ‘dying as a child’ as ‘scraping the world’ and talks about humans as ‘flesh’ and how dying young has meant that this child has avoided the rage and evil of humans, this idea is also explored in Hamlet. ‘For who would bear the whips and scorns of time’ this is talking about the same sort of concept of Ben Johnson asking why someone would want to live through all of the trouble of life and the calamitous nature of living a long life ‘To grunt and sweat under a weary life’. These two phrases uses metaphors to enhance the effect of the pain of living and through using the words such as whips and scorns this makes the reader think of ideas of slavery and oppression. The idea of having to bear this treatment, that the only choice that we really have in life is to end it, links back to the idea of fate. To ‘grunt’ and ‘sweat’ through life talks about the struggle that living is, even if you are not actually grunting or sweating and this isn’t a choice or avoidable, that everyone whether their wealth or status will have to struggle through life. This isn’t the only thing that links Shakespeare and Ben Johnson, they both lost a son at a young age and both of the pieces of text by these two people express very similar ideas except Ben Johnson’s poem is directly related to his son and Shakespeare’s ideas are implied through his play.
The use of rhythm is used throughout Hamlet and the poems. One example of this could be the use of iambic pentameter to symbolise the human heartbeat, the unstressed, then stressed beats is a very similar rhythm. In the poem, Do not go gentle into that good night, Dylan Thomas uses iambic pentameter throughout the poem but has a break in the poem ‘Rage, rage against the dying of the light.’ This is interesting as when he mentions about fighting against the your death, the steady pulse and rhythm stops, representing fighting against the natural rhythm of life and making a stand against the inevitable. This also emphasises the word ‘rage’, giving it a stressed beat, making the listener focus on this word more. In Hamlet iambic pentameter is used throughout the play, except in occasional scenes where it’s not used and all of these are when the character is seen as crazy. This is used when Hamlet is pretending to be crazy and also used when Ophelia is actually crazy, disrupting the rhythm of the speech and symbolising that the person has stepped out of the rhythm of life.
Personification is used within all of the different pieces of writing, in the poem ‘A song in a Storm’ the ocean is personified a great deal, described as an entity which is fighting on their side ‘Be well assured that on our side the abiding oceans fight’. Rudyard Kipling talks about how the waters seem as though they have a soul, that they have the conscious will to fight ‘As though they had a soul’ and that the sea carries that flag of which they serve with them to go fight the enemy with them ‘Our flag beneath their green’. In Hamlet there are examples of personification, ‘For murder, though it have no tongue, will speak with most miraculous organ.’ this is giving murder the human feature of having the ability to speak, even though murder doesn’t have a tongue. Hamlet is saying here that he won’t have to tell anyone as murder speaks for itself and he will show this through the play he is putting on in front of the King and Queen. Rosencrantz also says ‘None, my lord, but that the world’s grown honest.’ giving the world the attribute to be honest and more specifically to grow more honest. All these features are giving an object or situation a natural attribute for humans, which gives non sentient beings a sense of choice about what the decisions it makes.
All these authors talk about fate and other supernatural forces throughout their pieces using different examples of literary techniques. Each text does represent similar and differing ideas about how one should go through life and deal with these forces beyond their control. ‘Do not go gentle into that good night’ talks about how you should fight against death and rage against it, whereas in ‘On my first sonne’ the author accepts the death and is grateful to the seven years which were lent to his son on this earth. ‘On my first sonne’ does share similar ideas with Hamlet, talking about the circumstance of what family you’re born into and that fate is the only reason why we love certain people.
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